RNA molecules play essential roles in numerous biological processes, with their functions often dependent on specific three-dimensional conformations. The secondary structure of RNA—formed by base pairing within a single strand…
**Background** Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms are closely linked to dysregulation of key neurotransmitters…
In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, betaine functions as a key osmolyte and methyl donor, but its role in neurobiology has remained obscure. Recent findings reveal that betaine acts through a…
**Background** Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms. A key driver of this pathology is the overproduction of…
Cereblon (CRBN) plays a pivotal role in the anti-myeloma activity of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), such as thalidomide and lenalidomide. This study investigated whether CRBN protein expression, assessed via immunohistochemical (IHC)…
**Background** Influenza A and B are highly contagious viral infections that affect the respiratory system, posing significant global health threats and potential for pandemics. The influenza virus utilizes the enzyme…
The endocannabinoid system plays a significant role in regulating cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, and immune response. Among its components, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has been implicated in various pathological…
**Background** The adrenergic system plays a critical role in regulating cardiovascular function, metabolic homeostasis, and cognitive processes. Adrenergic receptors (ARs), including $\alpha_1$, $\alpha_2$, and $\beta$ subtypes, mediate a wide array…
Hot Lake, a meromictic and epsomitic lake located in north-central Washington, hosts a unique benthic phototrophic microbial mat that undergoes annual cycles of assembly and disassembly. This ecosystem is characterized…
**Background** LONP1 (Lon protease 1) is a critical mitochondrial matrix protease responsible for maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis by degrading misfolded or damaged proteins. Dysregulation of mitochondrial protein quality control is frequently…