Espectively) and when is considered alone, even better at jet devices (1.37 m 1.92 m). Cup designs C and G contributed best to the creation of small droplets, supporting uniquely and equally well the activity of both drugs. The disadvantage of the large droplets formed by erlotinib was canceled out when the drug was combined with the residual cup C (1.37 m instead of 2.23 m, Figure 7). At the 2 mL dose, facemask and cone mouthpieces performed best and evenly, otherwise facemask and low dose give the best choice (2.08 m and 2.12 m, respectively).DiscussionTKIs have been used for a number of years as targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer.20 Until now, neither erlotinib nor gefitinib has presented superiority between them. Both agents have been found to be effective as first-line treatment for epidermal growth factor-positive mutation tumors. Imatinib, on the other hand, is a TKI used in the treatment of multiple cancers, most notably Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia.21,22 Current data indicate that TKIs are potent acute pulmonary vasodilators, which prompted this work.23 The respiratory system has defense mechanisms, including mucus, beating cilia, and macrophages that block efficient aerosol deposition.Ixekizumab 24 Moreover, aerosols targeted to the lung have to be designed so that the maximum MMAD is no larger than 5 m. The reason is that due to the increased humidity of the respiratory system 90 , the aerosol droplets increase at least by 50 .24 Aerosol drug therapy targeted to the lung has been observed in many diseases to have the advantage of being more effective at lower doses and therefore to have fewer adverse effects. Two examples are inhaled insulin and inhaled chemotherapy, which have produced significant results when compared with intravenous or subcutaneous administration.250 In recent years, inhaled antibiotics have been investigated extensively, and thereUltrasound technologyDrug activity, loading level, and mouthpiece operation all exerted a rather weak effect on particle size (Table 2, P-values 0.Pimavanserin 020, 0.PMID:25105126 036, and 0.043, respectively). ImatinibFigure 5 Porcelain milling ball.Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2014:submit your manuscript | www.dovepressDovepressPitsiou et alDovepressTable 1 Analysis of variance for effects of four fixed factors and their interactions on mass median aerodynamic diameterEffect Drug nebulizer residual cup loading Drug*nebulizer Drug*residual cup nebulizer*residual cup Drug*loading nebulizer*loading residual cup*loading Drug*nebulizer*residual cup Drug*nebulizer*loading Drug*residual cup*loading nebulizer*residual cup*loading error SS 23.50 1.19 13.01 2.35 2.52 14.12 7.00 0.28 1.58 3.61 9.45 1.79 3.36 6.69 8.15 df 1 2 6 2 2 6 12 2 4 12 12 4 12 24 24 MS 23.50 0.60 2.17 1.17 1.26 2.35 0.58 0.14 0.39 0.30 0.79 0.45 0.28 0.28 0.34 F 69.19 1.75 6.39 3.46 3.71 6.93 1.72 0.41 1.16 0.89 2.32 1.32 0.83 0.82 P-value 0.000 0.194 0.000 0.048 0.039 0.000 0.126 0.668 0.352 0.571 0.038 0.293 0.625 0.Note: Statistically significant effects are shown in bold. *denotes interaction between effects. Abbreviations: df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; SS, sum of squares.are already several products on the market.19,31 However, there are still some safety concerns with these drugs regarding their effect on the lung parenchyma and these need to be investigated further.32,33 In the case of inhaled insulin, it was observed that local absorption of the drug through the alveoli.